A greater percentage of teachers’ activities in the class depends on the cognitive abilities of the students; teachers devote most of their time towards ensuring that the students have mentally understood the new information passed to them. In order to enhance this student-teacher relationship, Jean Piaget, a child psychologist, has described four stages of cognitive development and related them to a learner’s ability to understand and assimilate new information. These four stages are:
1. Sensorimotor
This is a stage from birth to about two years when the child learns about himself and his environment through motor and reflex actions. Thought derives from sensation and movement. The child learns that he is separate from his environment and that aspects of his environment – his parents or favourite toys – continue to exist even though they may be outside the reach of his senses. Teaching a child at this stage should be geared to the sensorimotor system. You can modify behaviour by using the senses: a frown, a stern or soothing voice — all serve as appropriate techniques. Therefore, intelligence is demonstrated through motor activity without the use of symbols. Knowledge of the world is limited (but developing) because it’s based on physical interactions/experiences. Children acquire object permanence at about 7 months of age (memory). Physical development (mobility) allows the child to begin developing new intellectual abilities. Some symbolic (language) abilities are developed at the end of this stage.
2. Preoperational
At this stage, which begins about the time the child starts to talk to about age 7, the child begins to apply his/her new knowledge of the language, by associating symbols to objects. Early in this stage he also personifies objects. He is now better able to think about things and events that are not immediately present. Oriented to the present, the child has difficulty conceptualizing time. His thinking is influenced by fantasy – the way he would like things to be – and he assumes that others see situations from his viewpoint. He takes in information and then changes it in his mind to fit his ideas. Teaching must take into account the child’s vivid fantasies and undeveloped sense of time. Using neutral words, outlines and equipment a child can experience an active role in learning. So, intelligence is demonstrated through the use of symbols; language use matures, and memory and imagination are developed, but thinking is done in a non-logical, non-reversible manner. Egocentric thinking predominates.
3. Concrete
During this stage of about first grade to early adolescence, accommodation increases. The child develops abilities to think abstractly and to make rational judgements about concrete or observable phenomena, which in the past he needed to manipulate physically to understand. In teaching this child, giving him the opportunity to ask questions and to explain things back to the teacher allows him to mentally manipulate information. Therefore, in this stage (characterized by 7 types of conservation: number, length, liquid, mass, weight, area, volume), intelligence is demonstrated through logical and systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects. Operational thinking develops (mental actions that are reversible). Egocentric thought diminishes.
4. Formal operations
This stage brings cognition to its final form as the child reaches adulthood. The learner no longer requires concrete objects to make rational judgements. At this point, he is capable of hypothetical and deductive reasoning. Teaching for the adolescent may be wide-ranging because he will be able to consider many possibilities from several perspectives. In this stage, intelligence is demonstrated through the logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts. Early in the period, there is a return to egocentric thought. Only 35% of high school graduates in industrialized countries obtain formal operations; many people do not think formally during adulthood.
Conclusion
In summary, it can be said that many pre-school and primary programs are modelled on Piaget’s theory, which, as stated previously, provides part of the foundation for constructivist learning. Discovery learning and supporting the developing interests of the child are two primary instructional techniques. It is recommended that parents and teachers challenge the child’s abilities, but NOT present materials or information that is too far beyond the child’s level. It is also recommended that teachers use a wide variety of concrete experiences to help the child learn (e.g., use of manipulatives, working in groups to get experience seeing from another’s perspective, field trips, etc).
Bibliography
Slavin, R.E. (2008) Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice. London: Allyn & Bacon
Ormrod, J.E. (2010) Educational Psychology: Developing Learners. Canada: Pearson Education Retrieved on 18th March 2011
Educational Psychology Interactive: Cognitive Development Retrieved on 23rd March 2011
